Preventing HIV Transmission Essay Example For Students

Forestalling HIV Transmission Essay Keeping HIV Transmission from Mother to ChildThesis Statement: The level of HIV transmission from mother to kid can be forestalled in various manners. I.The AZT treatment is one approach to forestall HIV. A.AZT is a medication that diminishes mother to kid transmission of HIV. III.HIV testing in pregnant ladies can bring down HIV transmission from mother to kid. A.HIV testing in pregnant ladies is a smart thought. 1.Mother who knows their HIV status can settle on educated decisions about their pregnancy. 2.Voluntary HIV testing in pregnant ladies has an extremely low achievement rate. 3.Women are terrified of the test outcomes. 4.Prenatal HIV testing is less exorbitant than rewarding the mother and the youngster for HIV. B.Mandatory testing for HIV in pregnant ladies likewise has its drawbacks. 1.Women could be frightened off from the social insurance framework. Keeping HIV Transmission from Mother to Child In 1993, around 7,000 HIV-contaminated ladies conceived an offspring in the United States. Of those babies, 1,000 to 2,000 are contaminated with HIV-now the seventh driving reason for death in kids matured 1 to 4 (Gordon and Hooker). HIV in kids is turning out to be increasingly boundless and there is still no remedy for it. The most widely recognized way kids contract HIV is through their mom. The level of HIV transmission from mother to youngster can be forestalled in various manners. One of the ways HIV transmission from mother to kid can be forestalled is through AZT treatment. AZT is a medication that is given to HIV positive moms, which can diminish mother to youngster transmission by 67.5 percent (Gordon and Hooker). The mother is given five portions of AZT daily throughout the previous a half year of her pregnancy and afterward four dosages during work and an AZT syrup is given to the infant for about a month and a half after birth (Gordon and Hooker). AZT is the main medication affirmed for keeping HIV transmission from mother to youngster (Women and HIV 10). Moms deciding to not bosom feed their kids can likewise forestall HIV transmission. The possibility that an infant can contract HIV from their moms bosom milk is up to 14 percent (Kent). In October 1995 the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations FDA customer magazine said Women who are HIV positive ought not bosom feed (Kent). Despite the fact that the level of mother to youngster transmission through bosom milk is low, there is as yet that little possibility and any possibility that a kid could contract HIV is excessively. There are choices to bosom taking care of, for example, equation or utilizing bosom milk from a milk bank (Kent). In spite of the fact that these options are superior to taking the risk of transmitting HIV to a kid, they also have their terrible sides. The utilization of recipe, for instance, represents a danger of the infant getting looseness of the bowels and other dangerous illnesses (Kent). Bosom milk can be warmed to diminish the odds of the kid contracting HIV, yet there is as yet that little yet fatal possibility. HIV testing in pregnant ladies could likewise help prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to youngster. With a moms information on HIV status she could be guided fittingly so she could pick whether of not to go on with the pregnancy, completely mindful of the dangers HIV could present on her youngster (Gostin 65). On the off chance that a mother is ignorant that she has HIV the child is denied the chance to get treatment. Its slaughtering kids who dont need to bite the dust (Gordon and Hooker). As of now HIV testing in pregnant ladies is willful and has a low achievement rate. Ladies wont take the HIV test since they will not accept that they are in danger and they are frightened of the outcomes (Gordon and Hooker). The Story Of Oedipus Essay Making HIV testing obligatory in pregnant ladies could spare a ton of childrens lives. Most HIV contaminated youngsters dont make it to the age of 4 and the rest will fdie before their teenagers (Gordon and Hooker). Obligatory HIV testing and .

EchoStar Communications Free Essays

Charles W. Egren established EchoStar Communications in 1980. The Company and its auxiliaries convey Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) TV items and administrations to clients around the world. We will compose a custom paper test on EchoStar Communications or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now EchoStar Communications Corporation procured the permit to convey DBS items in 1987 and is a traded on an open market organization (NASDAQ: DISH). As at April 27, 2007, EchoStar Communications Corporation is exchanging at $ 46.51 per share. EchoStar gives Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) TV items and administrations (satellite conveyed computerized TV) through its DISH NetworkTM to more than 12 million clients in the United States of America. The company’s shares are doing all around contrasted and organizations in a similar industry like Comcast and Verizon. As at April 27th, 2007, Comcast Corporation (NASDAQ: CMCSK) is exchanging at $26.68 per share while Verizon Communications Inc. (NYSE: VZ) is selling its offers at $38.15 a piece. Comcast Corporation is a link administrator in the United States and offers an assortment of shopper amusement and correspondence items and administrations. Verizon Communications Inc. is a supplier of interchanges administrations. It has two portions, Wireline and Domestic Wireless, which it works and oversees as key specialty units and arranges by items and administrations (www.businessweek.com). These organizations all have comparative items to Dish Network. Comcast Communications is a link monster and was the main broadband supplier in the nation in 2005. Link administrators like Comcast have been pioneers in providing rapid Internet associations with buyers. They offer lower costs and higher velocities, along these lines increasing a market of around 22 million U.S. family units out of a sum of 39 million that have broadband. Verizon (a telecom mammoth) needed to get into the TV business on the grounds that Comcast and the other link organizations were getting a portion of the telecom showcase. So as to support development Verizon need it expected to move forcefully into new markets.â Verizon dropped their costs for broadband to as low as $15 per month and wrenching up speeds. The organization additionally began offering speeds multiple times as quick as standard link administration. It focused on TV and broadband and offered extra-quick Net associations and TV administrations. Also, Verizon began to offer clients similar packs of voice and video that the link players do. They needed to do this in light of the fact that the link business was taking an offer in the voice showcase. This brought forth Verizon TV, which offers administrations like permitting clients to watch one show and, simultaneously, record another. Other link organizations didn't offer this. Verizon TV likewise has more channels and more decision of on-request video than a portion of its rivals like Dish. Today, with in excess of 12 million clients, DISH Network offers the least all-advanced TV cost in America. References Overhauled And Ready For Combat. (2005). Recovered April 27, 2007, from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_45/b3958089.htm http://www.echostar.com http://www.verizon.com http://www.comcast.com Step by step instructions to refer to EchoStar Communications, Papers

Fortune 500 CEO of Boeing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fortune 500 CEO of Boeing - Term Paper Example As expressed in the ‘executive biographies’, The distinctions and acknowledgment he got incorporate John W. Dixon Award (2011) from the Association of the U.S. Armed force, Turning Point Award (2012) from the U.S. Armed force War College Foundation, Semper Fidelis Award (2012) from the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation, and National Management Association's Executive of the Year (2008). McNerney has been a major accomplishment as a vital pioneer all through his broad vocation. The key part of his vital administration is the accentuation he provides for the development of others. In contrast to numerous different business people, Jim gives more significance to his team than the company’s methodology or item. He uncovered this procedure to Fortune's Geoffrey Colvin; â€Å"I start with individuals' development since I accept that in the event that the individuals who are running and taking part in an organization develop, at that point the organization's developme nt will in numerous regards deal with itself† (Colvin). Another extraordinary nature of this key chief is that he only occasionally fears change yet appreciates it. Truly, in the current worldwide market, the Boeing Company has various potential chances. ... This circumstance offers potential chances to the Boeing Company and its pioneer. The firm has a solid worldwide system and it helps the organization to spread its components of hazard. This quality additionally benefits McNerney to effortlessly raise satisfactory assets at whatever point vital. An effective innovative work office would be useful for the association to compete with its market rivals. Additionally, the Boeing Company and its pioneer face some potential difficulties as well. Initially, the expanding cost of titanium and aluminum is probably going to undermine the market position of the association. Alluding to the law of interest, the interest for Boeing airplanes may decrease if their cost increments. Thus, the organization may battle to keep up its market strength. What's more, exceptional rivalry in the business additionally influences the intensity of the firm. The developing rivalry can be an extreme test for McNerney’s initiative and a significant test to the company’s future. The organization has been progressively relying upon the US government contracts. This over dependence may unfavorably influence the firm’s practicality if the government ended the agreements with the Boeing Company for certain reasons. At long last, the US government has as of late presented some exacting guidelines on the acquisition of military types of gear. This change likewise may influence the business tasks of the Boeing Company. Some significant advances taken by McNerney at 3M remember changes for innovative work exercises. Those means gave explicit concentration to client direction. From that point forward the organization has been concentrating more on the developing Chinese market. A few changes, including exacting budgetary control were named

Working with Leading People - 1375 Words

Working with Leading People (Essay Sample) Content: WORKING WITH AND LEADING PEOPLEBy:Course:Instructor:School:City: Date:WORKING WITH AND LEADING PEOPLEAssignment 1: Undertake a recruitment and selection process Recruitment Process:VISION (2007) explains that the first step in the recruitment and selection process involves identifying the particular vacancy with the approval of a staffing panel. In this case, the job defined is that of a marketing manager. The staffing group needs to update the roles and responsibilities of the particular job. This may include increasing the responsibilities, assessing the workload, service delivery of the particular vacancy, redesigning the job task and even reorganizing the workload. The staffing panel also needs to study the current job details and analyze a number of issues including the purpose of the job in the particular department, the roles played by the current marketing manager and if there are any other positions in other ministries that have clashing roles. After the job evaluation process, the next step involves filling the vacancy. The Human Resource Manager is expected to request authorization to recruit potential marketing managers. The manager is to fill a Recruitment Requisition Document and design a job description and specifications of the duties, and terms and conditions for the position of the marketing director. The details of the job description include the qualifications and skills of the potential employee. Any person that is offered the role needs to prove that they possess the qualifications and competencies listed in the job description of the marketing manager. The role of the Human Resource Manager is to track the qualifications of the potential employee.The recruitment requisition and job description are then forwarded to the recruiting manager.The recruitment manager then confirms with the human resources manager on the dates of advertising, medium of advertisement, closing dates and the date of the selection of employee. Short listing and selection process:Upon the closing date of the job advertisement, the managers are expected to shortlist the received applications within a set period. The selection process and criteria should be the same for all potential candidates. After the selection process is done and candidates that most qualify have been identified, the human resource officers are tasked with the duty of contacting the shortlisted candidates. This can be done via email or phone call, informing them of the day of the selection, the time, venue, with at least one week's notice to prepare. It is not the role of the human resource department to contact candidates that did not get shortlisted. The selection process should be done in agreement with the legal requirements of the country and the country's employment Acts. Formal competence should be done based on an interview conducted and equal opportunities given to the different employees. The interview questions should always be in line with the jo b description, roles and responsibilities of the marketing manager. Many employees also like to use psychometric tests t assess the aptitude levels of employees. If the selection process involves an interview panel, the panel should have more than two interviewers. After the interview has been conducted to weigh the qualifications of potential employees, the interviewee needs to be informed of when they should expect the interview results and feedback. Assignment 2: Identify and assess effective leadership styles in different contexts to motivate staff to higher performance Root (2015) studies the four different leadership styles executed in a work environment. According to him, each of these various leadership styles has different ways of motivating staff to do the bets in their different workstations. The Autocratic Leader:This kind of leader is one who does very little concerning consulting with other employees in the decision-making process. This leadership style works best in a fast-tracked work environment, and people are required to make quick daily decisions. If the autocratic leader is working in a senior management position, the bets way to motivate staff for him is by having confidence in the junior managers decision-making abilities. This way, the employees are confident that the manager has enough knowledge to steer the whole department in the right direction (Root, 2015). The Democratic Leader:As the name suggests, this kind of the leader allows employees to get involved in the process of making critical organizational decisions. The employees' consensus is critical in making vital company decisions. The staff is highly motivated by the inclusive process. By doing the employees part of the business running the process, they develop an emotional interest in the company success because they feel they help make policies and processes. The Quiet Leader:This kind of leader sits back and watches as employees make the decisions themselves. This type o f leader is mots successful when the staff is highly trained and proactive. The best motivational strategy that this kind of leader uses is that the leader is a source of advice and information but allows the employees to dictate their success (Root, 2015). The Transformational Leader:The transformational leader believes that he has a vision that dictates the future success of the organization and its entire staff. One of the key motivational strategies used by this kind of leader is working to bring the employees on board and always reminding them of his vision. This serves as an encouragement for staff to be more productive. The transformational leader informs the employees as many times as possible that they have a role to play in their own and future success of the company. Thi, alongside a comprehensive development plan, helps the employees feel more productive. Assignment 3: Effective teamwork and assessing development needs (Mattson, 2015)Mattson (2015) describes the followi ng benefits of cooperation in a workstation. The first benefit of collaboration is that it teaches the workers better ways of resolving conflicts. Conflicts often occur when you put different people with different personalities together. Everyone has their habits and work styles. Teamwork creates cohesiveness between the team members such that instead of employees turning to management, they solve it among themselves. The second of the benefit of effective teamwork is that it helps complement the different strengths of the employees that come together to the team. As the employees work together, they develop their skills. One team member may be highly skilled in administrative work while another may be skilled in creative thinking. Employees come together and share their abilities as they rely on their different abilities. As they rely on each other, they get to build on their skills and complement each other's' strengths in the process. The third advantage of teamwork is the abilit y of employees to build trust amongst themselves. This is because they are relying on each other's best features, thus establishing healthy relationships. A strong bond of confidence is created with time, as the employees work together. This way, minor disagreements do not get in the way of their work.

Evidencia 2 Ibm - 2947 Words

Name: Carlo Giovanni Santiago Garcà ­aMiroslava Hernandez Rocha | Matrà ­cula: 27531002744981 | Name of the course: International business management | Teacher: Aaron Rodrà ­guez Delgado | Lesson: International Business Environments | ------------------------------------------------- Activity: Project part 2 | Date: March 7, 2016 | Bibliography:https://www.facebook.com/Owl-Canvas-Mexican-Temptation-283300278508514/?fref=ts https://www.payless.com/ | INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS — TERM PROJECT — PART 2: CHOOSING YOUR CLIENTS For this second delivery of your term project, you will pick two prospective clients to work with for the rest of the project: first, a company headquartered abroad that is currently†¦show more content†¦iii. USA iv. Australia v. Canada e. Telephone number. vi. 1-877-474-6379 (Toll-free in U.S. and Canada) 7:30 AM - 12:00 AM CST Monday - Saturday 9:30 AM - 12:00 AM CST Sunday f. Email. * CustomerServicePrivacy@csr.payless.com g. Postal address. h. Maps showing location. III. Introduction and strategy. i. Company history (2 paragraphs). Circa 1962-63, Volume Shoe company purchased the original Hill Brothers Shoe Company based in Kansas City, Missouri and converted approximately all 25 of their stores to the Payless name. In 1971, Volume Shoe obtained the second Hill Brothers Shoe Store chain that was started in St. Louis, Mo in 1956 by Al Melnick and Sol Nathanson with the assistance and aid of the original Hill Brothers in Kansas City. The St. Louis version of Hill Brothers Self Service Shoe Store went from 3 to 103 stores in the Midwest and South between 1956 and 1971. Volume Shoe originally operated the 103 stores under the Hill Brothers Self Service name. Starting in 1972, Volume Shoe began to consolidate stores in proximity and convert others to the Payless brand. The St. Louis operation of Hill Brothers Self Service stores were known for their bare bones minimalism and the slogan two for five - man alive!, that is, women and childrens shoes were two pair for five dollars.[7] Payless bought Picway Shoes from the Kobacker department store chain inShow MoreRelatedSample Resume : Cloud Computing1695 Words   |  7 PagesTabla de contenido 1. CAPITULO I 4 1.1. DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA 4 1.2. CLOUD COMPUTING EN COLOMBIA 4 1.3. JUSTIFICACIÓN 5 1.4. OBJETIVOS 6 1.4.1. GENERAL 6 1.4.2. ESPECà FICOS 6 1.5. HIPOTESIS DE INVESTIGACION (MARCO CONCEPTUAL/REFERENCIAL/TEÓRICO) 7 2. CAPITULO II 8 2.1. CLOUD COMPUTING 8 2.1.1. MODELOS DE NEGOCIOS DE CLOUD COMPUTING 9 2.1.2. MODELO PÚBLICO 9 2.1.3. MODELO PRIVADO 9 2.1.4. MODELO COMUNITARIO 9 2.1.5. MODELO Hà BRIDO 9 3. CAPITULO III 11 3.1. APORTES (ANà LISIS, MODELO, O SOLUCIÓN ALRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 PagesNeuhauser. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-230-55379-6 (alk. paper) 1. Consolidation and merger of corporations. I. Gregoriou, Greg N., 1956– II. Neuhauser, Karyn L. HD2746. 5. M4365 2007 338.8’3—dc22 2007021799 10 16 9 15 8 14 7 13 6 12 5 11 4 10 3 09 2 08 1 07 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne To my mother Evangelia and in loving memory of my father Nicholas (GNG) To my mother, Helen Lieck, and in remembrance of my father, Arthur Louis Lieck, whoRead MoreFrugos Company7300 Words   |  30 Pagesempresa chilena. A raà ­z de una discusià ³n entre las organizaciones, la Corporacià ³n dejà ³ la franquicia dà ¡ndosele el plazo de un aà ±o. Durante este tiempo fue que se decidià ³ crear la marca Frugos para seguir distribuyendo jugo de nà ©ctar a los consumidores. 2. Principales accionistas |Accionista |Participacià ³n | |Johnny Lindley Taboada |53.12% | |Perà º Beverage Limitada S.R.L.

Generating Digital Certificate Using Openssl

Question: Discuss about theGenerating Digital Certificate Using Openssl. Answer: Introduction SSL,TSL Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) as well as its succeeded, the Transport Layer Security (TLS), both termed as SSL, are used to provide secured communication over the internet, and it is considered as a cryptographic protocols. Many websites are equipped with the TLS for securing the communication in between the servers and client, who is trying to access the data. TLS protocol is proposed standard of IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), defined, initially, in the year 1999 and later updated in 2008, as RFC 5246 and again as RFC 6176, in 2011. The standard is based on the SSL specification. Uses TSL protocol has the following objectives and goals. To provide the privacy of the data To provide the integrity of data Benefits TLS protocol benefits the client server communication, by preventing the tampering and eavesdropping. Between Two Applications, Communicating among the Computers. When the server and client are communicated through the communication security protocol, TLS, the following properties will be gained by the server and client. The data and communication between the server and the client would be encrypted, through the symmetric cryptography and so the connection is considered to be private. The communication is established only through the key and the key becomes the symmetric encryption and these are generated uniquely, for each and every connection. The generation of the key is dependent upon, a shared secret, which is negotiated and generated, before the session is started for communication, through TLS handshake protocol. Initially, the server and client communicate and negotiate about the details, regarding the algorithm of the encryption and cryptographic keys for using and only after this process, the first byte of data will start transmitting and sharing. Here, the negotiation and communication about the shared secret is also kept reliable and secure from the attackers or hackers. Both the parties of communication are identified only through authentication done through the public-key cryptography. Though the authentication is sometimes kept optional it is usually done by the server. Each and every message transferred between the server and client are maintained to be reliable, as message integrity is maintained, with the help of the message authentication code, for preventing the alteration or undetected loss of the data, while transmission. The communication can be secured with additional privacy property, like forward secrecy that would prevent any possibiltiies of disclosing the encryption keys in the future to decrypt the recorded communication of the TLS, done in the past. The TLS active certificates are monitored by Netcraft and according to it, the leading certificate authority in this domain is Symantec. Application When the TLS certificates are installed, the protocols are implemented over the layer called transport layer protocols that encrypt protocol data, related to the protocol, like FTP, HTTP, XMPP, NNTP, etc. Uses The primary use and benefit of the TLS protocol is the secured communication of the World Wide Web traffic that is established in between the web browser and website that are encoded with the protocol of HTTP. Compatibility The digital certificates that are created by the year 2016, can be installed with the versions that are latest, like TLS 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. The protocol can be enabled and used in several browsers as the following. Google Chrome Google Android OS Browser Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Internet Explorer Microsoft Edge Microsoft Internet Explorer Mobile Microsoft Edge Opera Apple Safari Support There are many libraries that can be supportive to the TLS or SSL, as the following. OpenSSL JAVA Secure Socket Extension MatrixSSL LibreSSL Gnu TLS Botan Mbed TLS Network Security Services RSA Bsafe SChannel Secure Transport OS X ShartkSSL WolfSSL Protection The digital certificates can provide the protection from the following attacks imposed over the SSL or TSL. Renegotiation attack Protocol downgrade attack BEAST Attack Cross-protocol attacks Downgrade attacks, like Logjam attack and FREAWK attack CRIME and BREACH attack Padding timing attacks POODLE attack RC4 Attack Truncation attack Forward Secrecy Forwards secrecy is an important parameter and property of the system of cryptography. This parameter is used to ensure that a derived session key from combination of the private and public keys doesnt get compromised, in case any of the private keys, in case it is compromised possibly in the future. Client-Server Communication With Tls Protocol Client server communication can be done with or without the protocol, TLS. However, for the security concerns, client would ask the server to setup the connection of a TLS. Client communicates it in two different ways. One way is using a TLS connection port number. And another way is using a mechanism that is protocol specific. If the server is enabled to setup TLS connection, both the server and client will start negotiating the stateful connection, initiated by the procedure called handshaking. The client and server would come to an agreeable point, with reference to various following parameters. Initially, client connects a server, which is TLS enabled, requesting for a secured connection. It presents cipher suites supported list and then the handshake procedure will be started. The hash function and cipher from the list is picked by the server, upon matching. Then the server notifies the decision of it to the client. The identification is then sent back to the client, in the form of digital certificate and public encryption key of the server. The client will then confirm the certificate validation and then proceeds further. The session keys are generated by the client for the secured connection, through Encrypting a random number with the public key of the server and the result is sent to the server. And the server will be able to decrypt the code, only with the use of the private key. Then both client and server use the random numbers for generating a key unique to the session for the following data encryption and decryption, while the session is going on. The client makes use of the Diffle-Hellman key exchange to generate the unique and random session keys towards the encryption and decryption, which benefit with forward secrecy. The procedure concludes the secured connection through the handshake and a secured connection will begin and continued till the end of the connection. The connection will not be created, if the handshake of the TLS is failed during any step, above. TLS has the basic component called certificates, which are digital certificates, specifically. Digital Certificate The objective of the digital certificate is to certify the public key ownership, by the subject name fo the certificate. Digital certificate is also called as a public key certificate. The certificate is an electronic document referred for the validity and ownership of the public key. The digital certificate or public key certificate contains the information, Information about the identity of the owner Information of the key Entity digital signature, which shows that the verified contents of the certificate are correct Once the signature is proved to be valid, the signer will be trusted by the certificate examining person. Then the key will be used for the communication. Here, the signer is typically a certificate authority or CA. most of the time it is a company that validates the company and issues the certificate to the company. So, the signer becomes the owner of the key, for typical self-signed certificate or possibly the endorsements or other users, whom the examiner trusts, upon verification and validation. Certificate Authority Here, the trust relationship, associated with this model is expressed in terms of the certificate authority, as third party that is trusted. The trust is won by both the party that relies over the certificate and the owner or subject of the certificate. Contents The contents of the usual and regular and typical digital certificates are the following key points. Serial number that is used to identify the certificate uniquely Subject, which is an entity or a person identified Signature Algorithm, which represents the algorithm that is used for signature creation Signature, which is the actual signature used to verify that it has come from the issuer Issuer, which is an entity that has been verified, in terms of the information and the cerfiticate that is issued Valid-from, which represents the data of the certificate that has been made available from the day Valid-to, which represents the date of expiration Public key Key-usage, which is used for the public key purpose, like signature, encipherment and certificate signing Thumbprint or fingerprint, which is the hash itself Thumbprint algorithm, which an algorithm used for hash the certificate of the public key Security Levels The digital certificates are usually installed for the commonly used website that are based on HTTPS. The security is represented and provided by the verification and validation of the TLS web server. The digital certification ensures the security of the website, by ensuring that the website is the same, for whom, it is claimed to be and also makes sure that it has no eavesdroppers. The security is implemented as a mandate feature of the electronic commerce websites. Certification The digital certificate can be obtained by any entity or an individual for his or her own website, by applying to the issuer, who provides the certificate. Typically, the issuer is the certificate authorities, who are the commercial certificates retailers. The applier has to provide the basic information of the website and preferably the details of the entity or the business, with the details, like name fo the website, email address for contact, detailed information about the compnay and the public key. Here, the private should not be sent, as there can be related issues with the server. Then the provider fo the certificate verifies all the information provided by the applicant and signs on the request and then would it signs the request and provides the public certificate. When the web browsing is performed, the public certificate that has been issued to the entity, is served to the browser, which connects the required website and the certificate proves to the web browser that the i t is believed by the provider that the certificate is issued to the real and truthful website owner. Validation The digital certificates can be validated at various levels. Domain Validation, in which the certificate is issued, if the purchaser and applicant is able to demonstrate the right to manage the domain name, administratively Organization validation, in which the certificate is issued, only after ensuring that the applicant or purchaser can demonstrate the ability to manage the domain name and the existence of the organization, in terms of the legal entity Extended validation, in which the purchaser has to prove the identity of the organization, in terms of complete legal identity OPENSSL OpenSSL stands to be a software library developed for the applications. Which need more protection and security of the communication against the need to ascertain the partys identity at the other end. It is used widely by the web servers in the internet. The potential benefit of the OpenSSL can be implemented for a free of cost, as it is available through open source. So, any organization or even the individuals can implement the protocols of the SSL and TSL. The library functions are written using the C programming language and help implementing the basic cryptographic functions to provide many of the utility functions. OpenSSL is widely available for the operating systems, especially for the UNIX based and UNIX like operating systems, like Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris, etc. OpenSSL usually support many of the cryptographic algorithms, lie Ciphers, public-key cryptography and cryptographic hash functions. Generation Of Certificates The digital certificates can be created using many kinds of tools, like OpenSSL. Procedure Generating the Digital Certificate The first step of the procedure is the creation of the Certificate Authority (CA). Initially, this testing is required to be done with the help of the CA. the certificate is obtained usually from the certification authority companies, like VeriSign, DIgiCert, etc. This task is associated with requesting the digital certificate for the certificate authority. This task is quite similar for both the server and client and the difference being the values specified. Here, let us consider, a company called XYZ, which is the organization that has applied to become a certificate authority. Initially, a request is sent for the certificate to the CA make it signed, so that it becomes a CA. after XYZ becomes a certificate authority, it can start issuing the digital certificates to the servers and clients for the networks. These certificates that are generated by the XYZ, they are taken as site-signed certificates. These certificates can be generated by even individuals, to secure the personal network requirements. Create an openssl.cnf file or if it already existing, edit the same file. By default, it looks in /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf, for the configuration. However, it is always good to add config ./opnessl.cnf to the OpenSSL CA commands or OpenSSL REQ for ensuring that the correct file is read by OpenSSL. Select the subdirectory of an app of the directory, in which it is built. Initialize the OpenSSL,$ openssl Now the commands are issued to request a digital certificate. Here, a RSA private key is created to generate a CSR (Certificate Signing Request), simultaneously. Eventually, messages are displayed and then there will be additional information prompted, based on the request done. When enter key is pressed, a default value is accepted. However, this default value can be changed by typing the respective information and pressing enter key. If the option, NODES is added in the OpenSSL command, during the digital certificate request creation, OpenSSL prompts for necessary password, before the access is allowed for the private key. Certificate signing request generation based on the certificate that is existing. The following tasks performed to generation of the digital certificate, for a server, client and CA based on the certificates existing. Then the digital certificates are to be generated using the OpenSSL commands, on UNIX. It has to use the values and arguments from the commands. Then the informational messages are displayed for the information needed, based on the request made. Again enter key is to be pressed to accept the default value or any other specific information can be given in place of the default value. Then the digital certificate generation is completed. Here, a self-signed certificate for a root CA digital certificate represent the digital certificate that gets private key signed to correspond the public key, present in the digital certificate. Digital certificates are usually signed using private key, except for the root CAs, corresponding to the public keys, which are related to the other certificate authorities. Checking the digital certificate by OpenSSL The digital certificate that is generated can be checked with the help of the command, openssl x509 text in filename.pem finally the digital certificate that is generated contains the necessary data that has been collected for generation of the digital signature, digital certificate timestamps and other necessary information. However, the generated digital certificate is unreadable, as it is encoded into the PEM format. Creating a certificate trust list through OpenSSL After digital certificates are created for the server, CA and the client, which is optional, then the OpenSSL client application is to be identified for the certificate authorities of one or more that are trusted and the list that is made is called the trust list. In case, the trust is needed for only one CA in the application of the client, the file name has to be specified for all the CAs digital certificates, which are to be trusted by the application of the client. The certificate authorities that are created can be primary, root or intermediate certificates. They are to be added with the file, listing in any order. This list can be created manually. Usually, .pem files are returned by OpenSSL, return .crt files of CA. The certificate authority files are concatenated together, instead of cutting and pasting the files manually, together, irrespective of the extension. For example, a primary certificate, root authority certificate and authority certificate file can be concatenated, all in a single file called PEM file. These files can be placed in any order. Since the digital certificates are unreadable, because of encoding, the file contents can be viewed, through the OpenSSL commands, for respective file types. If there are files stored or present in the DER format, for the digital certifcates, they must be converted in to the format of PEM. Certification verification in the trust chain through OpenSSL Servers and clients validate the digital certificates of each other after exchanging. The CA certificates required for validation of the server certificate do create or compose the trust chain. It is because the server certificate validation requires all of the CA certificates present in the trust chain are to be made available. These files can be either maintained as individual files or combined into a single file, all in one OpenSSL directory. The certificates that are signed can be verified using the OpenSSL command, by a recognized CA. in case, the certificate is recognized by the OpenSSL installation, or the signing authority and then everything gets checked out, such as signing chain, dates, etc. it displays simply OK message. Ending OpenSSL Finally, OpenSSL can be ended through quit command at the command prompt. Conclusion Digital certificates are the means of providing the safe web traffic for the websites. These digital certificates can be created by a very large scale organizations or simply an individual for protected and safe web traffic resulting to their websites. The digital certificates are associated with the SSL and TLS protocols, which are majorly used for protection of the communication and interaction of the server and client. OpenSSL is one of the easier ways and economical ways to generate the digital certificates for the website. References AlFardan, N, Bernstein, D, Paterson, K, Poettering, B and Schuldt, J,"On the Security of RC4 in TLS". Royal Holloway University of London AlFardan, Nadhem J.; Bernstein, Daniel J.; Paterson, Kenneth G.; Poettering, Bertram; Schuldt, Jacob C. N., 2013, On the Security of RC4 in TLS, . 22ndUSENIXSecurity Symposium. p.51 AlFardan, Nadhem J.; Bernstein, Daniel J.; Paterson, Kenneth G.; Poettering, Bertram; Schuldt, Jacob C. N. 2013, "On the Security of RC4 in TLS and WPA" Boneh, Dan, 1999, "Twenty Years of attacks on the RSA Cryptosystem".Notices of the American Mathematical Society46(2): Coppersmith, Don, 1997, "Small Solutions to Polynomial Equations, and Low Exponent RSA Vulnerabilities".Journal of Cryptology10 Cormen, Thomas H., Leiserson, Charles E., Rivest, Ronald L.Stein, Clifford,2001, Introduction to Algorithms(2nd ed.). MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. Daignire, Florent."TLS "Secrets": What everyone forgot to tell you...", Matta Consulting Limited Dierks, T, Rescorla, E, August 2008,"The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol, Version 1.2" Diffie, W.; Hellman, M.E. 1976, "New directions in cryptography".IEEE Transactions on Information Theory22 Diffie, W.;Hellman, M., 1976,."New directions in cryptography"(PDF).IEEE Transactions on Information Theory22 Diffie, Whitfield; van Oorschot, Paul C; Wiener, Michael J., 1992, ."Authentication and Authenticated Key Exchanges".Designs, Codes and Cryptography2 Goodin, Dan."Forbidden attack" makes dozens of HTTPS Visa sites vulnerable to tampering".Ars Technica. Cond Nast Hstad, Johan, 1986. "On using RSA with Low Exponent in a Public Key Network".Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO 85 Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science218 Hendric, William, 2015, "A Complete overview of Trusted Certificates - CABForum" Huang, L.S., Adhikarla, S, Boneh, D, Jackson, C, 2014, "An Experimental Study of TLS Forward Secrecy Deployments".IEEE Internet Computing(IEEE) Koblitz, N, 1987, A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography, Graduate Texts in Math., Second edition No. 114, Springer-Verlag, New York,., Leyden, John, 2013, "Step into the BREACH: New attack developed to read encrypted web data".The Registe Leyden, John, 2013, "Step into the BREACH: New attack developed to read encrypted web data".The Register Menezes, Alfred; van Oorschot, Paul C.; Vanstone, Scott A., October 1996, Handbook of Applied Cryptography. CRC Press Merkle, Ralph .C, April 1978, "Secure Communications Over Insecure Channels".Communications of the ACM21 Mller, Bodo, 2014, "This POODLE bites: exploiting the SSL 3.0 fallback".Google Online Security blog. Google Scholz, Florian, Shepherd, Eric."Math.random".Mozilla Developer Network Sepehrdad, P, Vaudenay, S, Vuagnoux, M, 2011, "Discovery and Exploitation of New Biases in RC4".Lecture Notes in Computer Science Smart, Nigel 2008, "Dr Clifford Cocks CB".Bristol University Thomas Y. C. Woo, Bindignavle, R, Su, S, andLam,S, S, SNP: An interface for secure network programmingProceedings USENIX Summer Technical Conference, June1994 Wiener, Michael J. 1990, "Cryptanalysis of short RSA secret exponents".Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on36

Essay Tips - Common Ground Essay Topics

Essay Tips - Common Ground Essay TopicsOne of the best ways to ensure you get through college with a decent grade is to write a good essay. One of the things that can hold students back is writing and re-writing essay topics or essay questions over again.Often times a student will spend the majority of their time re-writing the same essay or research question several times. So many students do not know what common ground essay topics are. You might find that it is a good idea to take some time to understand what those topics are before you write your essay.What are common ground essay topics? They are topics that are easily digested for a particular class, like 'the road to success' for example. That is something that anyone in that class is familiar with because they probably have already read it so many times.An important thing to consider is to think about what exactly makes up those topics. For example, do you want to use one that is very general or does it need to be used to dri ve the point that you are trying to make in your essay?Another important tip to consider is to not try to write an essay topic that is completely unique. I know there are many students who do this, but don't go too far in this direction.Your essay topic should be unique enough that it doesn't sound like an essay someone else wrote, but it should be enough so that you still find it useful. The more unique the topic is, the easier it will be for you to come up with a good essay.There are other tips that are included in this article that will help you write a great essay, such as common ground essay topics, and how to choose a topic. Remember, if you go over your essay more than three times, you are going to lose out on points that could help you improve your grade, so take the time to learn how to keep your essay's simple.